THE POLISH REVIEW, New York, No 2, 2010, pg 249-254
Aleksandra Ziółkowska-Boehm, Na tropach Wańkowicza po latach [On the Trail of Wańkowicz, after Many Years] Warszawa: Prószyński i S-ka, 2009. Pp. 600. ISBN 978-83-7648-261-3.
Aleksandra Ziółkowska-Boehm, Na tropach Wańkowicza po latach [On the Trail of Wańkowicz, after Many Years] Warszawa: Prószyński i S-ka, 2009. Pp. 600. ISBN 978-83-7648-261-3.
Reportage is one of the more interesting genres for an author to work
in. On the boundary between journalism
and history, it requires of the practitioner the reporter’s eye for matters of
public interest, and the historian’s sense of the gravity of the events he or
she is reporting on — which in turn is something between a sixth-sense
receptivity to the hidden wheels of history and a gambler’s faith in his system
as he places down his chips before the roulette wheel spins. It is a genre that, while immersed in
historical (and ephemeral) reality, requires a poetic talent for engaging
prose: something that will bring the experienced in flagranti again to
vivid life on the cold pages of the book in the reader’s hands. It is no surprise, then, that so great a poet
as Zbigniew Herbert took up the reporter’s pen in The Barbarian in the
Garden. However, the greatest of
the practitioners of reportage, like Ewon Kisch and Ryszard Kapuściński, didn’t
just dabble in it — they made their living from it, as did perhaps the greatest
of the lot in Poland, the hero of this collection, Melchior Wańkowicz.
Na tropach
Wańkowicza po latach, from the able pen of Wańkowicz’s
secretary and propagator of his works, Aleksandra Ziółkowska-Boehm, is
the opening volume in a praiseworthy sixteen-part re-issue of Wańkowicz’s works
by the Prószyński and Co. publishing house in Warsaw. Whether the receptor of the series is himself
a Wańkowicz scholar, or just beginning to become acquainted with his works;
whether he or she reads it at the beginning of the adventure, after it, or
while following the writer on his journeys across two continents, in war, peace
(and during the subtle war waged between Polish society and the PRL régime),
Ziółkowska’s book is an engaging, informative and indeed encyclopedic
consideration of Wańkowicz and his writings.
It is, in short, a model for how the collected works of a noted author
ought to be handled by the series editor to whom they are entrusted, and by the
publisher who decides to take on the project. It provides a necessary
historical and biographical context for the series of books, which are so full
of interest in their own right, that most readers will not stop at the volume
they chance across in the bookstore, but will be pulled on to read several
more, if not the entire slate. For once,
it seems, a publisher (a subspecies of our kind most often motivated by
financial concerns), gets it right.
Na tropach
Wańkowicza po latach is a collection of thirty essays written by
Ziółkowska-Boehm, a practitioner of reportage herself, whose interests range
from Polish literature and history to the plight of Native Americans. An intimate literary collaborator of
Wańkowicz, her splendid obsession with his published works makes her not the
perfect, but really the only person who could contextualize the gigantic career
of the writer in an accessible, yet meticulously documented, fashion.
The thirty essays —
some previously published, in The Polish Review and elsewhere — are
arranged in loose chronological order.
They range from the pre-war account of Wańkowicz’s role in the creation
of Rój publishers (“Roy,” during its wartime hiatus in New York), which published,
among others, the poems of Kazimierz Wierzyński, and the first edition of
Witold Gombrowicz’s Ferdydurke, through a moving account of Wańkowicz’s
1974 funeral. While all of the essays
are intriguing — and readers of Monte Cassino and other of Wańkowicz’s
works will be quite pleased with those dealing with the genesis and surrounding
realia of his famous books — it is those which reveal the man Wańkowicz,
who he was, and especially who he was in regard to the Communist authorities
who at times tolerated, and at other times persecuted him, that are most
noteworthy and valuable.
Ziółkowska constructs
her complex and many-sided portrait of Wańkowicz from four main sources. First, there are the eyewitness accounts,
such as her description of the funeral — how different a picture one gets from
the relation of a person who was actually there, than from the relation of the
official, Party reporters covering the event:
- Od bramy trumnę nieśli między
innymi Krzysztof Kąkolewski i Jan Józef Lipski.
Na czele konduktu pogrzebowego szedł biskup Kraszewski, księża, ojciec
dominikanin reprezentujący kościół parafialny przy Dominikańskiej. Telewizja, która filmowała uroczystości
pogrzebowe, starannie omijała udział w nim księży […] Nim zasypano grób, odezwał
się nowy głos. Stojący tuż nad mogiłą
mężczyzna odczytał z kartki parę zdań.
Mówił, że wszyscy będą pamiętać Katyń i obchodzić jego rocznice. Potem dowiedziałyśmy się z Martą [Erdman, córką Wańkowicza], że to był
Wojciech Ziembiński, późniejszy członek KOR-u (389).
[From
the gate, the casket was borne by, among others, Krzysztof Kąkolewski and Jan
Józef Lipski. At the head if the funeral procession walked Bishop Kraszewski,
priests, and a Dominican father representing the parish church on Ul. Dominikanska.
/State/ television which transmitted the funeral, took great pains to avoid
showing the priests/…/ Before the grave was covered, a new voice was heard. A
man, standing near grave, read a few sentences written down on a sheet of
paper. He said that we would all remember Katyń and observe its anniversary.
Later on, Marta [Erdman, Wańkowicz’s daughter] and I learned that this man was
Wojciech Ziembinski, who later was to be a member of KOR].
But these are not simply the memoirs of a person who knew the
protagonist (as are, for example, the Discretions of Mary de Rachewiltz,
Ezra Pound’s daughter). Ziółkowska draws
expertly and generously from the published works of others, building a model
corpus of secondary sources that help in the fleshing out of the character of
Wańkowicz from perspectives other than her own.
In her description of the manner in which the PRL régime sought to
hijack the funeral of the writer so often at odds with them, she cites Aleksander Małachowski’s introduction to the 1993
PWN edition of Wańkowicz’s Ziela na kraterze [Herbs around the Crater]:
Marcie Erdman, córce Pana
Melchiora, zaoferowano wspaniały pogrzeb na koszt państwa, gdy tylko
przyleciała z USA. Musiałem się
sprzeciwić, gdyż kilka dni wcześniej Pan Melchior przetrzymywał mnie i moją żonę
do trzeciej nad ranem i wymógł na nas przyrzeczenie, iż nie dopuścimy do
oficjalnego, rządowego pogrzebu, bo „oni zechcą się sfotografować nad moją
trumną […] Pogrzeb Pana Melchiora, zgodnie z jego wolą, był kościelny na koszt
rodziny (391).
[A
soon as she got off the plane from the U.S., Marta Erdman, Melchior’s daughter,
was offered a splendid funeral
for her father, paid for by the state. I had to object to this, as just a few
days earlier, Melchior kept me and my wife by his side until three o’clock in
the morning, and made us swear that we would not allow the state to organize an
official, government-sponsored funeral, for “they’d certainly like to be
photographed over my coffin”/…/ Melchior’s funeral, according to his will, was
a religious affair, the costs of which were borne by his family].
Thirdly, there are, of course, citations from Wańkowicz’s own
writings. Although Na tropach
Wańkowicza po latach is not a biography, in essays such as „Na końcu
języka” [“On the Tip of the Tongue”] glimpses of Wańkowicz the man, before he
became Wańkowicz the writer, abound.
There we meet him, in his reminiscences, as a child in the eastern
marches of Poland, long lost to her eastern neighbor; there we are treated to
Wańkowicz’s own prose, such as this vignette from Karafka La Fontaine’a
[La Fontaine’s Carafe]:
-Myślę, że język to jak
potężny prąd; wpada weń gnijąca gałąż, zwiędłe liście, gnój, błoto z kąpiących
się krów, pot pławionych koni, zawartość spływających kloak — spójrzmy w dół o
kilka kilometrów, już się to wszystko wyozonowało, już nurt przejrzysty. Język to potęga samooczyszczania się (336).
[I
think that a language is like a powerful stream. A rotting tree limb, withered
leaves, manure, mud from cows bathing upstream, the sweat of horses through a
ford, the effluvia of emptied cloaca, all fall into it – but just gaze it a few
kilometers downstream: it is completely clear, it sparkles like crystal. A
language has a great power of self-cleansing].
What is this but
something that falls just barely short of a Baudelairean prose poem? Ziółkowska’s talent for centering the
reader’s focus on such examples of Wańkowicz’s writings brilliantly showcases
her critical sense for using them, not merely as illustrations of a
biographical thesis, but as an thrilling advertisement for Wańkowicz’s books —
the raison d’être of the Prószyński series — encouraging the reader of
her book to pass beyond it, into the writer’s works.
As we noted before,
Ziółkowska-Boehm is herself an accomplished writer of reportages. The fourth of her sources — sometimes the
most insightful — are those that arise from her reporter’s legwork. Much of the information upon which the chapters
dealing with Wańkowicz’s arrest and political trials comes from her accessing
newly available state documents from the IPN archives, and interviews with some
of the participants of his persecution (which began with his signing of the
Writers’ Union open letter of protest in 1964).
Fascinating, both for its content and the effective reportorial strategy
it portrays, is her 1990 interview with the prosecutor who conducted the
Wańkowicz case on behalf of the régime.
On p. 246, in reply to her question “What did your contacts with
Wańkowicz look like during the interrogation,” he replies ingenuously:
—Nie wiem, czy Pani ma
to w archiwum, ale pan Wańkowicz na końcu sprawy powiedział mi komplement: „Panie prokuratorze —
powiedział — ja tej Polski Ludowej nie lubię, ale jako Polak powiem panu, że
cieszę się, że Polska dochowała się takich urzędników jak pan”.
Rozmawialiśmy zawsze w
dobrej atmosferze, on rozumiał, że muszę wykonywać swoje obowiązki, a ja
traktowałem go z dodatkową atencją, nie jak przestępcę… Tyle przecież zrobił
dla literatury… Sam odebrałem wykształcenie humanistyczne, literatura zawsze
mnie interesowała.
[„
I don’t know if this is found in your archives, but, at the end of the case,
Mr. Wańkowicz paid me a compliment. ’Attorney,’ he said ‘I don’t like thus
People’s Poland, but as a Pole I’ll tell you that I’m happy that Poland had
fostered such officials as yourself.’
“The atmosphere of our conversation was always
good; he understood that I had to carry out my duties, and I treated his with
extra attention, not like a criminal…After all, his services to literature were
so great… I myself had a humanistic, liberal education, and literature always
interested me.”]
This from a person
who, at the beginning of the interview, but one page previously, protested Nie
byłem krytykiem literackim, ale zdawałem sobie sprawę z rangi pisarstwa
Wańkowicza i z jego pozycji jako literata, zdawałem sobie więc sprawę, że
proces wzbudzi wielkie zainteresowanie, które może się odwrócić przeciwko
krajowi. [‘I’m no literary critic,
but I was aware of the caliber of Wańkowicz’s writing and his position as a
writer. And so I realized that this case would arouse much interest, which
could turn against the country”].
From this it seems apparent
that the prosecutor entered the interview with a certain mistrust; he starts
flinging about asterisks and reveals his motivation as that of a representative
of the system currently ruling “the country,” who, in effect, did
approach Wańkowicz as a threat, in short, a “criminal,” albeit only in a
political sense. Then, when set at ease
by his interlocutor that this interview will not be an “interrogation” itself,
he loosens his tie and begins revealing his “humanistic education,” his
“interest in literature” and starts shining the apple for the artist, whose
services to letters he is now able to critically appraise and applaud. Ziółkowska’s handling of the interview is a
masterful, classroom example of the work of a skilled reporter, who subtly
unmasks her source and warns the reader, trust him (and other old, official
sources) at your own risk.
Doublethink and
Newspeak, as Orwell explains to us, are art forms in their own right. The métier of the author of reportages — and
in this, the genre may indeed be as old as Herodotus — also partakes of the
artistic, insofar as the real information presented us by the reporter is
“packaged” in the attractive, poetic style described above. Sometimes, it is not so much the sources, as
the reporter, that we must approach with careful tread. The subjective often gets the upper-hand in reportage
— witness Herbert’s spiteful and simplistic characterization of Erza Pound, met
by chance on his Italian travels in Barbarian and formed from hearsay
and published information from only one perspective, and dealing with only one
aspect of the great poet’s life. Witness
too Melchior Wańkowicz himself, who suggests to the Polish readers of W
pępku Ameryki [In the Navel of
America] that the state of Utah is ruled according to the theocratic
principles of the Church of Latter Day Saints, or, in Atlantyk-Pacyfik
that the “American police” possesses a full set of the fingerprints of just
about every citizen of the Republic in which, as a matter of fact, the
individual’s right to privacy is so jealously guarded, that the Federal
government can’t even dream of introducing a system of national ID cards, even
in this age of the global war on terror.
I mention this, not in disparagement of Wańkowicz, whose writings I
myself value greatly, but in support and praise of the many-faceted reportage
which is Aleksandra Ziółkowska-Boehm’s Na tropach Wańkowicza po latach. Meticulously researched, innovative and
challenging, as well as written in a pleasant style, it is a trustworthy,
really indispensable, guide to the great writer, and his writings. In her objective scholarly base of sources,
and in her unique subjective perspective on the writer she knew and admired,
like her publisher, Ziółkowska gets it right.
Prof. Charles S. Kraszewski, King’s College, Pennsylvania
THE POLISH REVIEW, New York, No 2, 2010, pg 249-254